Hemophilia A and B are X-linked disorders characterized by decreased functional factor VIII (FVIII) and factor IX (FIX) levels, respectively. Disease severity is classifi ed as severe (<1% factor activity), moderate (1%–5%), or mild (6%–<40%).1 Bleeding risk correlates with level of factor activity, and when levels fall below one percent, spontaneous bleeding occurs. The goal of coagulation factor replacement therapy is to elevate and sustain levels in order to achieve a functional factor concentration of one percent or greater

The use of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling is an alternative to traditional venous blood collection, and particularly useful for people living in rural and remote areas, and for those who are infirm, house-bound or time-poor. The objective of this study was to assess whether the measurement of glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in DBS samples provided comparative and acceptably precise results

Blood obtained via fingerprick is commonly used in point-of-care assays, but few studies have assessed variability in parameters obtained from successive drops of fingerprick blood, which may cause problems for clinical decision making and for assessing accuracy of point-of-care tests.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition characterized by the occurrence of thrombosis (arterial and/or venous), often multiple, and/or pregnancy morbidity. Thrombosis is one of the major disease mechanisms, mainly caused by activating endothelial cells, monocytes, and platelets. At present, the management of APS patients with a history of thrombosis is based on long-term antithrombotic therapy, due to the high rate of recurrent thrombosis (29% per year without treatment). Obstetrical APS includes heterogeneous pregnancy complications whose pathogenesis has been increasingly elucidated in the past years. This is due to the current management and treatment, as 80% of APS patients achieve a live birth. The standard approach of APS is not supported by extensive evidence and the best options for refractory and incomplete cases need to be clarified. New and promising molecules are under investigation.

اپیدمی انفجاري فعلی ویروس زیکا، علاوه بر نواحی کارائیب در آمریکاي جنوبی و مرکزي، براي بهداشت عمومی جهانی وضعیتی اضطراري ایجاد کرده است. در اینجا مسائلی درباره چالشهاي موجود بر سر توسعه تشخیص بهتر و درمان بالقوه و واکسن ویروس زیکا را بررسی مینماییم.

در خون به عنوان یک بیومارکر، مفهوم جدیدي نیست؛ حدود 60 سال پیش cell-free DNA (cfDNA) ایده استفاده از را در خون افراد سالم نشان دادند. در دهه هاي بعد گروههاي زیادي توانستند تجربیات cfDNA حضور Metais وMandel را که DNA مربوط به تومورها را در خون بیماران سرطانی کشف کنند. این cfDNA را بسط دهند و Metais و Mandel می نامند. این یافته ها نشان میداد که "بیوپسی مایع" میتواند یک روش قابل ctDNA مشتق از سلولهاي تومورال میباشد را به داخل خون آزاد میکنند که این قطعات اختصاص به DNA انجام بالینی باشد چراکه سلولهاي تومورال قطعاتی از سلولهاي تومورال دارند و قابل اندازه گیري میباشند.

سودوموناس آئروجینوزا یکی از شایعترین باکتريهاي گرم منفی است که در عفونت هاي بیمارستانی یافت شده و مقاومت آنتیبیوتیکی زیادي را نشان میدهد. خصوصیات فنوتیپی این باکتري نظیر الگوهاي بیوشیمیایی، باکتریوفاژ تایپینگ، وجود آنتیژنهاي سطحی سلول و الگوهاي حساسیت به عوامل ضدمیکروبی براساس تغییرات در فاز رشد و موتاسیون خودبخودي، تمایل به تغییر دارند، بنابراین استفاده از این خصوصیات براي شناسایی منبع عفونت و شیوع آن براي بررسی عفونتهاي ایجادشده توسط گونههاي هتروژن سودوموناس آئروجینوزا مفید نخواهد بود، لذا استفاده از متدهاي مولکولی نظیر آنالیز الگوي پلاسمیدي در دورشتهاي مستقل خارج کروموزومی هستند که وجود آنها DNA مطالعات اپیدمیولوژیک ضروري است. پلاسمیدها مولکولهاي براي بقاي سلول ضروري نیست اما ممکن است تنوع وسیعی از خصوصیات ژنتیکی را کد کنند که میزبان را براي رقابت بهتر با سایر میکروارگانیسمهاي اشغالکننده همان مکان اکولوژیک مستعد بکند. یکی از خصوصیاتی که پلاسمیدها را در میکروبشناسی با اهمیت خاص جلوهگر میسازد، توانایی آنها در حمل و انتقال ژنهاي کدکننده مقاومت به ترکیبات ضدمیکروبی است. در آنالیز الگوي پلاسمیدي سویههاي باکتري، تعداد و اندازه پلاسمیدها اساس تشخیص سویه میباشد و سویههاي منشأ گرفته از یک کلون داراي تعداد مشابه از پلاسمیدها بوده و اندازه آنها نیز مشابه خواهد بود.

بیماري خونریزيدهنده حاد یک مشکل مهم در پزشکی است که در بسیاري از کشورها بخصوص در مناطق گرمسیري دیده میشود. عوامل زیادي میتوانند باعث ایجاد تب هموراژیک حاد شوند و بنظر میرسد که عفونت ویروسی میتواند عامل شایع آن باشد. تب دانگ یکی از معروفترین عفونتهاي ویروسی است، با این وجود ویروسهاي جدید زیادي مورد شناسایی قرار گرفته اند که میتوانند عامل بیماريهاي خونریزيدهنده حاد باشند. در این مرور اختصاصی کوتاه نویسندگان در مورد ویروسهاي جدیدي بحث میکنند که عامل تبهاي هموراژیک حاد در انسان میباشند

Hematopoiesis depends on a supportive microenvironment. Preclinical studies in mice have demonstrated that osteoblasts influence the development of blood cells, particularly erythrocytes, B lymphocytes, and neutrophils. However, it is unknown whether osteoblast numbers or function impact blood cell counts in humans. We tested the hypothesis that men with low BMD or greater BMD loss have decreased circulating erythrocytes and lymphocytes and increased myeloid cells. We performed a cross-sectional analysis and prospective analysis in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study, a multisite longitudinal cohort study. A total of 2571 community-dwelling men (
65 years) who were able to walk without assistance, did not have a hip replacement or fracture, and had complete blood counts (CBCs) at the third study visit were analyzed. Multivariable (MV)-adjusted logistic regression estimated odds of white blood cell (WBC) subtypes (highest and lowest quintile versus middle), and anemia (clinically defined) associated with BMD by DXA scan (at visit 3), annualized percent BMD change (baseline to visit 3), and high BMD loss (>0.5%/year, from baseline to visit 3) at the femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH). MV-adjusted models included age, BMI, cancer history, smoking status, alcohol intake, corticosteroid use, self-reported health, thiazide use, and physical activity. At visit 3 greater TH BMD loss (per 1 SD) was associated with increased odds of anemia, high neutrophils, and low lymphocytes. Annualized BMD loss of >0.5% was associated with increased odds of anemia, high neutrophils, and low lymphocytes. Similar results were observed for FN BM regarding anemia and lymphocytes. We conclude that community-dwelling older men with declining hip BMD over about 7 years had increased risks of anemia, lower lymphocyte count, and higher neutrophil count, consistent with preclinical studies. Bone health and hematopoiesis may have greater interdependency than previously recognized. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

In recent years, many studies have related gut microbiome to development of highly prevalent diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Obesity itself is associated to changes in the composition of gut microbiome, with a trend to an overgrowth of microorganisms more efficiently obtaining energy from diet. There are several mechanisms that relate microbiota to the onset of insulin resistance and diabetes, including changes in bowel permeability, endotoxemia, interaction with bile acids, changes in the proportion of brown adipose tissue, and effects associated to use of drugs like metformin. Currently, use of pro and prebiotics and other new techniques such as gut microbiota transplant, or even antibiotic therapy, has been postulated to be useful tools to modulate the development of obesity and insulin resistance through the diet.

Hemophilia A and B are X-linked disorders characterized by decreased functional factor VIII (FVIII) and factor IX (FIX) levels, respectively. Disease severity is classifi ed as severe (<1% factor activity), moderate (1%–5%), or mild (6%–<40%).1 Bleeding risk correlates with level of factor activity, and when levels fall below one percent, spontaneous bleeding occurs. The goal of coagulation factor replacement therapy is to elevate and sustain levels in order to achieve a functional factor concentration of one percent or greater

The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic, which started in 2015, is having a considerable effect on global public health, blood-product safety, and international travel and is further fueling the debate on elective termination of pregnancy. ZIKV infection is the latest infectious disease to reveal our limitations in preparing for and responding to biologic threats. The most profound consequence of the epidemic is the large number of congenital malformations that are known to be associated with or caused by ZIKV infection. Furthermore, as children who were exposed to ZIKV in utero grow older, new developmental abnormalities are being identified, extending the effects of the epidemic. According to a recent World Health Organization (WHO) report, 61 areas have reported ongoing ZIKV transmission since 2015, with 31 countries reporting congenital malformations that are potentially associated with infection. It is unclear whether ZIKV transmission will become endemic with seasonal peaks, like dengue, or be more episodic in nature.

تعرفه پیشنهادی سال 96 مجمع انجمن های آزمایشگاهی

in treating pain crises and gene therapy are part of a complex history of slow progress tinged with constant peril. A century ago, people with sickle cell disease were clinically invisible. Even after James Herrick identified the “peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood cells” associated with the disorder in 1910, it was often and easily misdiagnosed. Vulnerable to infectious diseases in a time when infant mortality ran high, most children would have been diagnosed not with sickle cell disease but with whatever infectious disease was currently prevalent. When Johns Hopkins–trained pathologist Lemuel Diggs began focusing on the disease in the 1920s, the malady was still rarely diagnosed.

spread of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa, 1,2 the battle for preventing and managing future outbreaks is still on. This is no time to be complacent. The scale of the outbreak, in which every few days during the early part of the outbreak about the same number of cases accrued as occurred during the entire 3-month outbreak in Gulu, Uganda, in 2000–2001 — previously the largest outbreak on record — prompted us to pull out all the stops, albeit after a slow start.3 Vaccines are a key weapon in our armamentarium against EVD.

هپارین پلیمری طبیعی از گلیکوز آمینوگلیکان های سولفاته ) glycosamminoglycon ( است که به سه شکل فراهم است

براي درك اعمال، دینامیک و درمان عفونتهاي ناشی از باکتريها، فهمیدن نحوه کنترل متابولیسم آنها ضروري است. در این مقاله به نحوه کنترل متابولیسم در باکتريها اشاره میگردد.

یا آلودگی HTR اگر ارزیابی آزمایشگاهی یا تفسیرهاي آزمایش، حکایت از واکنش همولیتیک متعاقب تزریق خون باکتریایی داشته باشد، آنگاه پزشک ب یمار و مد یر پزشک ی مرکز انتقال خون به سرعت بای د در جری ان قرار گ یرند . بعد از ارزیابی نتایج آزمایشها توسط مد یر پزشک ی، تفس یرها بای د در پرونده ي بیمار ثبت شوند . مرکز انتقال خون با ی د نتا یج آزمایشها، تفسیرهاي بهعملآمده و طبقه بند ي واکنش ها را جهت ارجاع مجدد در صورت ن ی از به تزر ی ق درمان ی بیشتر، حفظ و نگهداري نماید.

خارجی به داخل ژنوم یک موجود زنده چندسلولی است، DNA به مفهوم وارد شدن یک توالی (Transgenesis) انتقال ژن بهطوريکه ژن موردنظر در اغلب سلولهاي آن حضور داشته و به نسل بعد منتقل شود.

سیستم کمپلمان از بیش از 20 پروتئین تشکیل شده است که قسمت عمدهي آنها در کبد ساخته میشوند و در خون و مایعات خارج سلولی یافت میشوند